Caught between history and myth, no one is quite sure whether or not Lycurgus, the supposed founder of the ancient Greek city-state of Sparta, truly existed. Many of the most noted historians of the ancient world claimed that he was the one responsible for the power and dominance of Sparta, while others said he was nothing but a legend.
What is certain, however, is that even to scholars in ancient Greece, Lycurgus was a mysterious figure, who, by the admission of the philosopher and biographer Plutarch, had a history of conflicting accounts surrounding him.
To those who believe that Lycurgus truly existed, he was the youngest son of a king who ruled the land that would come to be Sparta. When he was a young man, both his father and elder brother died, leaving him as the inheritor of the throne.
His brother’s former wife attempted to woo him, claiming that, should he accept her hand in marriage and allow her to rule alongside him, she would abort the child she was carrying, ensuring no challenge to him. Lycurgus agreed, but said that rather than abort the child, it was to be brought to him when born so that he might deal with it.
When the queen did give birth, just as Lycurgus demanded, the child was brought to him. It was then, however, that he revealed his true intentions from the very beginning: he declared to the advisors around him that this child was to be their king. He thus abdicated his throne, becoming a steward for the kingdom until the boy came of age.
But, though he ruled justly, the queen took umbrage at his betrayal, and turned the ruling class of the city against him. He was driven from Sparta and set out on a journey around the Mediterranean. During his travels, he was said to have met Homer, studied politics, governance, and strategy in Crete and Egypt, and even hiked to India.
But while he did, his former city continued to decline. Desperate, the citizens of Sparta sent word to Lycurgus, and he quickly agreed to return and reform his home, now armed with knowledge from around the world.
Before he did, however, he consulted with the Oracle of Delphi. Some say he already had his own reforms in mind, and that the Oracle merely confirmed that his ideas were proper, while others said that the Oracle handed down the laws to Lycurgus in a fit of divine inspiration. Whichever the case, however, Lycurgus made his return to Sparta with the backing of the Oracle of Delphi.
When he arrived, Lycurgus gathered his followers to him and marched on the palace, where he convinced the king to join him in his reforms. With this accomplished, Lycurgus made the first moves to change Spartan society.
Yet he was met with much resistance from wealthy Spartans, who attempted once again to drive him away. One of them even managed to gouge out Lycurgus’ eye. But when asked what this man’s punishment would be, Lycurgus said that there would be no punishment, and instead, this man would live with him as his servant. Lycurgus treated his attacker with respect and spent time conversing with him. Within a few months, the man begged forgiveness, and Lycurgus let him go free, where he spread the word to other Spartans about Lycurgus’ gentleness, nobility, and generosity, marking the end of resistance to his reforms.
Following this, Lycurgus banished money and luxury from Sparta, had all Spartan citizens focus solely on military prowess and physical fitness, redistributed land, and instated a communal form of living in all aspects of life.
Once he was finished, he went one final time to consult with the Oracle to ensure these laws and systems were good, making all Spartans take an oath that they would not change anything until he returned with the Oracle’s judgment…
And then he vanished without a trace. Beyond this final visit to Delphi, no record of Lycurgus exists. Many believe that, after he consulted with the Oracle, who told him that Sparta was indeed good, he travelled to Crete, where he took his own life and ordered that his body be burned to ensure that the laws he made, held in place by the oath of the people, would forever remain firm and unchanging.